Upper GI endoscopy, also known as esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), is a medical procedure that allows doctors to visualize the upper part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Indications for Upper GI Endoscopy:
- Symptoms: Persistent abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), or unexplained weight loss.
- Conditions: Suspected peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), strictures, tumors, or inflammation.
- Screening: To screen for esophageal cancer or other abnormalities in high-risk patients.
- Biopsy: To obtain tissue samples for further examination, especially for suspected cancers or infections.
The Procedure:
- Preparation: Patients are typically instructed to fast for several hours prior to the procedure. Medications may need to be adjusted, especially anticoagulants.
- Sedation: Most patients receive sedatives or anesthesia to minimize discomfort. Some may be awake but relaxed during the procedure.
- Insertion of Endoscope: A thin, flexible tube with a camera and light at the end (the endoscope) is gently inserted through the mouth and advanced down the esophagus into the stomach and duodenum.
- Visualization: The camera transmits images to a monitor, allowing the physician to examine the lining of the upper GI tract for abnormalities.
- Interventions: If necessary, the doctor can perform various interventions during the procedure, such as:
- Biopsy: Taking tissue samples for laboratory analysis.
- Polypectomy: Removing polyps.
- Dilation: Stretching narrowed areas (strictures).
- Treatment of bleeding: Coagulation or clipping of bleeding vessels.
Risks and Complications:
- Bleeding: Particularly if a biopsy or polypectomy is performed.
- Perforation: A rare but serious risk where the endoscope creates a hole in the GI tract.
- Infection: Possible, though rare.
- Adverse reactions: To sedation or anesthesia.
Aftercare:
- Patients are monitored for a short period post-procedure until the sedation wears off.
- They may experience a sore throat or mild discomfort but can typically resume normal activities within a day.
- Instructions regarding diet and activity levels will be provided, especially if biopsies were taken.
When to Seek Medical Attention:
- Severe abdominal pain.
- Fever or signs of infection.
- Persistent vomiting or blood in vomit or stool.