Sigmoidoscopy

Sigmoidoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the lower part of the colon, specifically the sigmoid colon and rectum. It involves the use of a flexible tube with a light and camera called a sigmoidoscope, which is inserted through the rectum.

Indications for Sigmoidoscopy:

  • Symptom Evaluation: Used to investigate symptoms such as rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, or changes in bowel habits.
  • Screening: Often used as a screening tool for colorectal cancer, particularly in individuals at average risk or those who may not be able to undergo a full colonoscopy.
  • Diagnosis: Helps in diagnosing conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diverticulitis, and polyps.
  • Therapeutic Procedures: Can be used to remove polyps, take biopsies, or treat certain conditions like bleeding.

The Procedure:

  1. Preparation: Patients may need to follow a specific diet and use an enema or laxatives to ensure the rectum and sigmoid colon are clear of stool.
  2. Sedation: Unlike a colonoscopy, sedation is often not required, but some patients may receive mild sedation for comfort.
  3. Insertion of Sigmoidoscope: The sigmoidoscope is gently inserted through the rectum and advanced to visualize the sigmoid colon.
  4. Visualization: The camera transmits images to a monitor, allowing the physician to inspect the lining of the sigmoid colon and rectum for abnormalities.
  5. Interventions: If necessary, the doctor can perform procedures such as:
    • Biopsy: Taking tissue samples for further analysis.
    • Polypectomy: Removing polyps.
    • Coagulation: Treating bleeding areas.

Risks and Complications:

  • Bleeding: Possible, especially if biopsies or polypectomies are performed.
  • Perforation: A rare complication where the colon wall is inadvertently punctured.
  • Discomfort: Some patients may experience cramping or bloating during or after the procedure.

Aftercare:

  • Patients can usually return to normal activities shortly after the procedure.
  • They may experience mild cramping or bloating, which typically resolves quickly.
  • Instructions regarding diet and activity will be provided, especially if biopsies were taken.

When to Seek Medical Attention:

  • Severe abdominal pain or bloating.
  • Signs of infection (fever, chills).
  • Persistent bleeding or changes in bowel habits.