Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the inner lining of the colon (large intestine) and rectum. It involves the use of a flexible tube equipped with a camera, called a colonoscope, which is inserted through the rectum.

Indications for Colonoscopy:

  • Screening: Primarily used to screen for colorectal cancer, especially in individuals aged 45 and older or those with a family history of colorectal cancer.
  • Symptoms: Investigation of unexplained abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, persistent changes in bowel habits (diarrhea or constipation), or unexplained weight loss.
  • Diagnosis: Evaluation of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
  • Polyp Removal: Removal of polyps or abnormal growths that could potentially lead to cancer.

The Procedure:

  1. Preparation: Patients must undergo bowel preparation, which involves a special diet and taking laxatives to ensure the colon is clear of stool.
  2. Sedation: Most patients receive sedatives or anesthesia to minimize discomfort during the procedure.
  3. Insertion of Colonoscope: The colonoscope is gently inserted through the rectum and advanced through the colon.
  4. Visualization: The camera transmits images to a monitor, allowing the physician to inspect the colon lining for abnormalities, such as polyps, tumors, or inflammation.
  5. Interventions: If necessary, the doctor can perform interventions such as:
    • Biopsy: Taking tissue samples for further analysis.
    • Polypectomy: Removing polyps to prevent the development of cancer.
    • Dilation: Stretching narrowed areas in the colon.

Risks and Complications:

  • Bleeding: Especially if polyps are removed.
  • Perforation: A rare but serious risk where a hole is made in the colon wall.
  • Infection: Possible, though uncommon.
  • Adverse reactions: To sedation or anesthesia.

Aftercare:

  • Patients are monitored for a short time post-procedure until the sedation wears off.
  • They may experience mild cramping or bloating, but these symptoms typically resolve quickly.
  • Instructions regarding diet and activity will be provided, especially if biopsies were taken.

When to Seek Medical Attention:

  • Severe abdominal pain or bloating.
  • Fever or signs of infection.
  • Persistent bleeding or changes in bowel habits.