Barrett’s esophagus is a condition in which the lining of the esophagus changes to resemble the lining of the intestine. This often occurs due to long-term exposure to stomach acid, typically from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Here’s a more detailed overview:
Causes
- Chronic Acid Reflux: Repeated exposure to stomach acid can damage the esophagus, leading to cellular changes.
- Hiatal Hernia: A condition where part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm, which can exacerbate reflux.
Symptoms
Many people with Barrett’s esophagus may not experience symptoms, but some may have symptoms related to GERD, including:
- Heartburn
- Regurgitation
- Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
- Chest pain
Diagnosis
Barrett’s esophagus is typically diagnosed through:
- Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the esophagus to visually inspect the lining.
- Biopsy: During an endoscopy, tissue samples may be taken to check for cellular changes.
Risks
Barrett’s esophagus is considered a precancerous condition. It can increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of esophageal cancer. Regular monitoring through endoscopy is often recommended.
Treatment
Treatment focuses on managing GERD symptoms and monitoring for cancerous changes:
- Medications: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid and protect the esophagus.
- Lifestyle Changes: Dietary modifications, weight loss, and avoiding triggers.
- Endoscopic Procedures: In some cases, procedures to remove abnormal cells may be recommended.
Monitoring
Patients with Barrett’s esophagus typically undergo regular surveillance endoscopies to check for dysplasia (precancerous changes) and cancer.